Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates Exposed to Anacardium occidentale (Cashew) Ethanol Leaf Extract
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63561/jabs.v2i4.1001Keywords:
Coliform, , Tin Layer Chromatography, Zone of Inhibition, Anacardium Occidentale, AntibioticAbstract
The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of some bacterial isolates obtained from Rufus Giwa Polytechnic student hostel environment was evaluated and compared with the ethanol leaf extract from Anacardium occidentale using standard methods. The isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis, B. sphaericus, Klebsiella spp, Coliform, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes. The highest total average bacterial count was recorded on Tryptose Soy agar from grey water and surface swab to be 3.28 x 105 and 3.89 x 105 cfu/ml respectively, while isolates on Blood agar samples recorded the lowest average count from grey water and surface swab (3.15 x 102 and 3.15 x 105 cfu/ml). However, bacterial isolates on MacConkney agar, Mannitol Salt Agar, and Pseudomonas agar also recorded significantly high bacterial counts of (4.45 x 105 cfu/ml and 4.56 x 105), (4.65 x 102 and 4.24 x 102) and (4.13 x 103 and 4.02 x 105 ) cfu/ml from grey water and surface swab respectively. The inhibited sensitivity around the extract ranged around 9.25 and 11.57 mm cleared zone. This inhibitory extract showed a similar antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus aureus and coliform representing a broad-spectrum effect on gram positive and gram- negative bacteria respectively. Staphylococcus aureus also showed an inhibitory zone ranging from 5.52±0.29 to 12.2±0.53 while coliform ranged from 5.91±0.35 to 12.6±0.45 respectively corresponding to the increase in the concentration. Tin layer chromatography showed retention factor index includes 0.97, 0.91, 0.81, 0.56, 0.23 and 0.12. The obtainability and easy access to Anacardium occidental makes it cheap as an alternative medicine in comparison in term of result to commercially available antibiotics that has develop resistant to most pathogens. Screening and documentation of the potent constituent in the extract is important to further concentrate for better inhibitory effectiveness
References
Agedah, C. E., Bawo, D. D. S., & Nyananyo, B. L. (2010). Identification of antimicrobial properties of cashew, Anacardium occidentale L. (Family Anacardiaceae) Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management 14 (3) 25 - 27
Ashelford, K. E., Chuzhanova, N. A., Fry, J. C., Jones, A. J., & Weightman, A. J. (2015). 16S rRNA sequence records currently held in public repositories. Journal of Applied Environmental Microbiology, 71:7724-7736.
Asoso, O. S., Akharaiyi, F. C., & Animba, L. S. (2016). Antibacterial activities of plantain (Musa paradisaica) peel and fruits. Scholar research library. Der Pharmamacia Lettre, 8(5):5-11.
Ayinla, M.T., Dada, S.O., Shittu, S.T., Olayaki, L.A., Akiode, A.O., & Ojulari, S.L. (2011). Anti hyperlipidemic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Annona muricata and Ocimum gratissimum in alloxan induced diabetic rats. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 4(3):360 363.
Bob, I. A., Mgbeje, T. D., Terungwa, A. K., Kalana, F. O., Ugoanyanwu, C. E., & Ebong, P. E. (2016). Effect of Phytochemical Fractions of Vernonia amygdalina on Liver of STZ Induced Diabetic Male Wistar Rats, International Journal of Applied Science, 5(11): 656-667.
Brooke, J. S., Annand, J. W., Hammer, A., Dembkowski, K., & Shulman, S. T., (2012). Investigation of bacterial pathogens on 70 frequently used environmental surfaces in a large urban U.S. university. Journal of Environmental Health, 71:17–22.
Cheesbrough, M. (2010). District Laboratory practice in Tropical Countries, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, 143: 70-95.
Cowan, B. J., & Steel, G. H. (2016). Facemasks and Hand Hygiene to Prevent Influenza Transmission in Households. Journal of Internal Medicine, 151(7): 437-446.
Fawole, M. O., & Oso, B. A. (2007). Laboratory Manual of Microbiology, Spectrum Books, 1(3): 25-30.
Igwe, K.K., Ijeh, I.I., Okafor, P.N., and Anika, S. M. (2015). Effect of Vernonia amygdalina.Del Ethanolic Extract Fraction on Serum Prolactin in Lactating and Non Lactating Female Albino Wistar IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 8: 2319-2372.
Morton, J. F. (2018). Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Greenhouses. "Soursop; Annona muricata", 3(87):681-688.
Nkengfack, A. E., Dongmo, J. B., Dakole, C. D., Leth, V., Vismer, H. F., & Zollo, P. H. (2016).Food preservative potential of essential oils and fractions from Annona muricata Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Thymus vulgaris against mycotoxigenic fungi. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 131(2): 151-156.
Olutiola, R. O., Okwu, D., & Omodamiro, O. D. (2011). Effects of hexane extract and phytochemical content of Xylopia acthiopica and Ocimum gratissimum on the uterus of Guinea pig. Bio-Research, 3: 40-44.
Santos, S.C., & Melo, J.C.P. (2003) Taninos, In., Simões, CMO Farmacognosia: da planta ao medicamento. 5. ed. rev. Florianópolis, SC: Ed. da UFSC; Porto Alegre, RS: Ed. da UFRGS,. 1102 p.
