Assessment of seasonal variations in physicochemical parameters within the Okrika section of the Bonny River

Abstract

The Okrika River, a vital source of drinking water and irrigation for surrounding communities, is experiencing significant seasonal variations in its physicochemical parameters. These variations, characterized by fluctuations in pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals, pose a serious threat to the river's ecosystem and the well-being of the communities that depend on it. This study offers a comprehensive assessment of physicochemical parameters in the surface water of the Okrika segment of Bonny River, shedding light on the environmental conditions in this crucial aquatic ecosystem. Both dry and wet seasons were examined to provide a thorough understanding of seasonal variations in water quality. The investigation revealed that pH levels remained relatively stable, with seasonal variations found to be statistically insignificant. Temperature readings adhered to specified limits in both seasons. Electrical conductivity exhibited a wide range but showed no significant seasonal variation. Turbidity levels, total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) displayed values within expected ranges, with seasonal fluctuations mostly insignificant. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and hardness exhibited significant seasonal variations. Alkalinity, salinity, sulphate, and nitrate levels generally followed expected patterns, with some variations. Phosphate, calcium, magnesium, and potassium levels displayed significant seasonal variations. This comprehensive analysis of physicochemical parameters in the Okrika stretch of Bonny River highlights the dynamic nature of water quality in this vital aquatic ecosystem.